الأربعاء، 10 فبراير 2016

A review of People's uses of social networking sites and gratifications obtained

A review of People's uses of social networking sites and gratifications obtained

Descriptive study on
Facebook and Twitter
  

By
Hatim Ali Hyder Elsalehi

 Paper submitted as a requirement in course of  the subject of a foreign-language media in pre-master


Content
Introduction
Purpose
Methodology/approach
Theoretical background
Communication Research on uses and gratifications
Uses and gratifications of new media
Uses of social networking sites and gratifications obtained.
Dimensions of use for friend networking sites
The Facebook
Uses and gratifications of Facebook
The Role of Facebook on Political Communication
The Motives of using Twitter and gratifications obtained
 Results
 References

Introduction
According to the Pew Internet & American Life Project (Lenhart & Madden, 2007), more than half (55 percent) of all online American youths are using online social networking sites. Among these online social networking sites, Twitter is ranked as the fastest-growing site in the member community category. The number of Twitter users has jumped from 1.22 millions in 2008 to 73.5 millions in
2010 (Liu , Cheung , Lee ; 2010  ).
      Vansoon's study (2010) showed  that half of net users in Britain are members of social networking sites, compared with 27% in France and 33% in Japan and 40% in USA and According to the statistics made ​​by Facebook, 52% of users are aged 18-25 , study of Awad ( 2012 ) mentioned that the number of Arab users of Facebook reached about 15 million, and in Egypt alone, 3.5 millions as the number of Facebook users are more than readers of print newspapers ( عوض ، 2012 ) .
Due to the increasing in the size of users of social networking sites Compared to other means, this research will try to find out how the audience  use  these sites, and what the gratifications obtained .

Purpose :
The objective of this study is to know why people use social networking sites and the gratifications or benefits that are being obtained (Go) by using these SNSs , and why people participate  in  social networking sites .

Methodology/approach :
 A qualitative approach is employed in this study with a view to exploring the  uses and gratifications (U and G) that people seek and obtain from the SNS.

Theoretical background :
Uses and gratifications theory
U and G theory is the study of the gratifications or benefits that attract and hold
audiences to various types of media and the types of content that satisfy their social and psychological needs (O’Donohoe, 1994; Cantril, 1942). Whilst researchers traditionally tended to emphasise the effects of media exposure on audiences, U and G theory espouses the need to consider what people do with media (Rubin, 2002; Ruggiero, 2000; Parker and Plank, 2000; O’Donohoe, 1994; Katz, 1959). This theory has been applied to a variety of mass media and media content (Dunne,A. , Anne Lawlor ,  M. and  Rowley, J. ;  2010)
The purpose of this study is to apply a uses and gratifications approach to investigate SNS use. Specifically, in: a) motives of SNS users; b) satisfaction of SNS use,  and gratifications obtained by SNS users .

Communication Research on uses and gratifications                               Early in the history of communication research, the uses and  gratifications approach was developed to study the gratifications that attract and hold an the audiences to the  kinds of media and the types of content that satisfy their social and psychological needs  ( Ruggiero , 2000)               
       The studies of Waples , Berelson , and Bradshow (1940) ; Herzog (1940,1944) ;Suchman (1942) ; Wolfe and Fiske (1949) ; Lazarsfeld and Stanton (1942,1944,1949) formulated a list of functions served either by some specific content or by the medium in questions : to match one's wits againts others, to get information or advice for daily living, to provide a framework for one's day , to prepare oneself culturally for the demands of upward mobility , or to be reassured    about the dignity and usefulness of one's role (Katz , Blumber and Gurevitchi ; 1974 ) Katz and Plummer gave a psychological feature for the theory of uses and gratifications ,It assumes that the audience interact actively and positively with the media in order to satisfy its psychological and social needs .                                              
      The theory of uses and gratifications has been studied for more than 60 years. Instead of asking what media do to people, this theory asks, “What does an active audience do with the media, why, and with what effect?” (Lasswell, 1948). It assumes that individuals select media and content to fulfill their needs. Specifically, the theory aims to explain what social or psychological needs motivate people to engage in a variety of media use behaviors (Katz, Blumber, & Gurevitch, 1974). As Katz et al. (1974) concluded, the approach of uses and gratifications concerns “(1) the social and psychological origins of (2) needs, which generate (3) expectations of (4) the mass media and other sources, which lead to (5) differential patterns of media exposure (or engagement in other activities), resulting in (6) need gratifications and (7) other consequences, perhaps mostly unintended ones” ( Lineberry , 2012 ).                                                                                           
       The theory  has been applied to various media, including newspapers (Elliott & Rosenberg 1987), radio (Mendelsohn 1964), and television (Babrow 1987), cable television (Heeter & Greenberg 1985), VCR (Cohen, Levy & Golden 1988), mobile phone (Leung & Wei 2000), email (Dimmick, Kline & Stafford 2000), the Internet (Stafford, Stafford & Schkade 2004), virtual community (Cheung & Lee 2009), social network sites (Cheung et al. 2010; Shi et al. 2009) and mobile services (Nysveen,Pedersen & Thorbjornsen 2005). (Liu , Cheung , Lee ; 2010  ).
        Katz (1987) stated that the early study of the uses and gratifications has been criticized as: (a) rely heavy on self-report, (b) too unsophisticated about social origin of the needs that audience brings to the media, (c) too uncritical of the possible dysfunctions both for self and society of certain kinds of audience satisfaction, and (d) too captivated by the inventive diversity of audience uses to pay much attention to the constraints of the text  (Seekhiew , 2009 ).

  Uses and gratifications of new media
 Uses and gratification analyses have been widely used for the past years for traditional mass media research, but they are particularly relevant in studying new communication media (Katz & Rice, 2002; Kraut & Attewell, 1997; Perse & Greenberg-Dunn, 1998; Rice & Webster, 2002). The active audience approach is very consistent with the nature of Internet audience, which has vast choices of content and wide latitude in usage patterns  (Choi , Watt , Park ,  and Dekkers ; 2004    and website 15   ).
       The emergence of online technologies has re-energized the application of uses and gratification theory for the new media. Compare to the active users of traditional media, a high level of interactivity is demanded from users of new media, such as Internet, blogs, and SNS. The inherent nature of SNS has changed the communication feature (Ruggiero, 2000). In SNS, users are not only consuming media content, they are also creating and sharing content. For example, Facebook users may actively check information from the news feed, post pictures or words and respond with and receive feedback. This example also shows users’ activities on SNS are more goal-oriented than those using traditional media. Therefore, though the theory of uses and gratifications is applicable for a study of SNS, it requires expanding and retesting.( Lineberry , 2012 )

Uses of  networking sites and gratifications obtained
      the use of the internet has facilitated relationship building and communication between individuals One venue for achieving these goals is networking sites, such as MySpace and Facebook(Thayer & Ray, 2006) Rates of use are very high with MySpace having over 20 million registered users (CNN, 2006) and Facebook having over 9 million users(Foxnews, 2006).
       The online phenomenon of social networking sites (SNSs) has been consistently growing in popularity over the past five years (Boyd and Ellison, 2008). SNSs constitute a form of virtual community, with sites such as Bebo, Facebook , MySpace and Twitter commanding a vast global following. For example, Facebook and MySpace report in excess of 70 and 50 million active visitors, respectively, on a monthly basis to their sites ( Johnson, 2009). However, whilst SNSs are increasingly becoming a focal topic in the communications arena, academia has been slow to keep pace with this continuous growth (Beer, 2008)
( Dunne at el , 2010 ).
        SNSs are a form of virtual community, with sites such as Bebo, Facebook, Twitter and MySpace attracting millions of users world wide, many of whom have integrated the uses of these sites into their daily routines. These sites are based on the premise of relationship creation and maintenance, either with existing members of a social circle or connecting people with similar or shared interests (Boyd and Ellison, 2008). Finin et al. (2005, p. 419) define a social network as an “explicit representation of the relationship between individuals and groups in the community”. Elsewhere, Raacke and Bonds-Raacke (2008) indicate that social networks provide a virtual platform where people of similar interests may gather to communicate, share and discuss ideas. From a marketing communications perspective, popular SNS such as Bebo and Facebook constitute brands in their own right and offer marketers access to substantial information about site members. Furthermore, SNS offer marketers the facility for engaging in two-way communication with members in terms of personalised messages and content. However, it is argued that an effective business model in terms of the commercial leveraging of SNS continues to elude marketers ( Dunne at el , 2010 )
Social sites allow individuals or groups to communicate with each other through this virtual space, when  real communication became too rare .
      The social network profile is the focal point of one’s social networking existence.Each profile page is unique to the owner and allows its purveyor to literally “type oneself into being” (Sunden, 2003, p. 3). Each member is encouraged to upload their personal profile photograph and share a range of personal information such as where they go to school and details about their personal tastes, such as favourite movies and music (Boyd, 2007). As users have total control over the content that they choose to share and the applications they place on their pages, they can, and usually do, opt to portray themselves in the most positive light. In essence, this means that a user can aspire to an ideal-self through his/her SNS profile. Aside from the inclusion of personal details and photographs, there are two further main components of the social networking profile – friends and comments (Boyd, 2007). Profiles offer a facility for communication and interaction between members, usually in the form of a comments section. Friends also play a fundamental role in the composition of SNSs. On joining a SNS, users are encouraged to identify others with whom they wish to form relationships. Once the connection is made, the relationship will be visually represented on each user’s profile page, under the friends section, within which there is a facility to nominate one’s top or best 8, 12, 16 or 20 friends, to be listed as such on the user’s main profile page (Boyd, 2007). The practice of selecting and displaying one’s top friends is referred to by Boyd and Ellison (2008, p. 213) as “public displays of connection” and is often used to provide a real statement about who the person is and the company they keep (Tong et al., 2008; Liu, 2008; Boyd, 2007). Research to date in this area has focused overwhelmingly on one’s profile page, primarily regarding how people portray themselves through their profile page and how they connect with friends and acquaintances via the network .(Boyd and Ellison, 2008; Tong et al., 2008; Liu, 2008; Boyd, 2007).
(Dunne  et al , 2010 ) highlighted a number of U and G that were sought (GS) from SNS participation including communication, entertainment, escapism and the alleviation of boredom, interaction with
the opposite sex, and information searching .
          Study of ( Dunne at el , 2010 ) shown that young girls use SNS to chat with friends and keep in contact with thier friends, to easily keep in touch with all thier old friends.
A further and highly popular theme that frequently emerged in relation to GS was that of entertainment (GS), the issue of engaging in playground politics (GO) was raised by a small number of girls in relation to SNS .
         Also Dunne found that an SNS user is very much part of an active audience from the point at which they log on to the SNS. Activities such as divulging or seeking information, posting comments, sharing one’s photographs and videos and connecting with new friends As SNS continue to attract substantial numbers of new and existing members on a daily basis, user motivations for participating in SNS, and the resulting rewards and gratifications, represent fertile ground for further exploration ( Dunne at el , 2010 )
 Study conducted by the University of Texas 2009 reached that people are using social networking sites in order to express their real personalities rather than fictional portrayals and these sites satisfy their basic needs to present themselves to othersA website , 16 ) .
       Zuhair Abed (2012) pointed out that social networking sites have contributed to activate participation to achieve the desire of each category with the same interests and activities, also Abed found that the Motives of use of college students to social networking sites are : first , for social networking among young people II: to follow political and social changes in the Arab international world .. Third: to entertain and spend leisure time  عابد , 2012 )) .
         Omar Asaad (2011), noted  that 97% of Egyptians university students have displayed  their personal  aspects to all Facebook users, and the recreational debates occupied Introduction of  discussion of groups joined by university students in the Facebook site and the content of discussions aimed to mobilize position collectively In favor of the idea, also Asaad  found that students tend to use Facebook in periods late in the day and the motivates of  their use of Facebook is to connect and communicate with others and interact with social events and meet new people and the male tend to write thoughts and opinions in their personal pages while females tend to use Facebook to communicate with friends and family  .
The study also Confirmed the impact of the use of Facebook on users Societal values
​​positively and negatively (أسعد , 2011 ) .
 study of Washington University ( 2011) showed that the Arab public opinion use social networking sites in political participation in order to achieve democracy and SNS had a significant role in the process of political and social change and activate the Arab revolutions (المنصور , 2012 ) .
        Friend networking sites allow users to communicate with others utilizing flexible and varying features such as posting information about themselves on their profiles, posting pictures, leaving messages, and providing hyperlinks to other sites (Murphy, 2005).Research also has examined the use of friend networking sites to hypothetically disclose professor information to students and for students’ perceptions of this use of friend networking sites. Mazer et al. (2007) had participants view Facebook profiles for potential professors. The profiles varied by amount of self-disclosure (high, medium, and low). After viewing the respective Facebook profile, researchers asked the participants to rate their anticipated student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Results indicated that the professor in the high disclosure condition received higher levels of student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Students, however, were unsure as to the appropriateness of professors having Facebook profiles ( Jennifer Raacke and John Raacke , 2010 ) .
             There are many reasons why individuals report using friend networking sites. Raacke and Bonds-Raacke (2008) found the most common reasons include: “to keep in touch with old friends,” “to keep in touch with current friends,” “to post / look at pictures,” “to make new friends,” and “to locate old friends.” Less commonly reported reasons included: “to learn about events,” “to post social functions,” “to feel connected,” “to share information about yourself,” “for academic purposes,” and “for dating purposes.” Results also indicated that users (87% of the sample) spent over 2.5 hrs per day on friend networking sites with an average of 235 friends linked to their profiles. Nonusers, who were significantly older in age than users, reported not having friend networking accounts for the following main reasons: “I just have no desire to have an account” and “I am too busy.” Hargittai (2007) also found that users and nonusers varied by age, ethnicity, and parental educational background ( Jennifer Raacke and John Raacke , 2010 ).

dimensions of use for friend networking sites
 Results did indeed identify dimensions of use for friend networking sites including the information dimension, the friendship dimension, and the connection dimension. The reasons in the information dimension were related to using friend networking sites to gather and share information (e.g., to post social functions, to learn about events, and to share information about yourself). This dimension is a logical one considering how the features of friend networking sites allow users to easily post and share information that will be available to many viewers simultaneously. Individuals who utilize friend networking sites for reasons in this dimension are thus obtaining gratification from gathering and sharing of information related to themselves and others. The reasons in the friendship dimensions were conceptually related to sustaining friendships. In order words, users reported that having friend networking sites allowed them to keep in touch with both old and new friends and to locate old friends. In fact, friend networking sites may be one of the easiest and fastest ways possible to locate old friends. Finally, the reasons in the connection dimension were related to making connections with others by using these websites. Reasons in this dimension included to make new friends, to find a significant other, and to feel connected in general. Future research should investigate how users of friend networking sites vary in regards to each of the dimensions. For example, do different types of users have accounts on friend networking sites for reasons in different dimensions?
         Factor analysis determined what, if any, underlying structures existed for measuring the following 11 variables: to keep in touch with current friends, to keep in touch with old friends, to make new friends, to locate old friends, for dating purposes, to feel connected, to learn about events, to share information about yourself, to post/look at pictures, for academic purposes, and to post social functions. Prior to analysis, two outliers were eliminated. Principal components analysis was conducted utilizing a varimax rotation. The analysis produced a three-component solution, which was evaluated on the following criteria: eigenvalue, variance, and scree plot. Criteria indicated a three-component solution was appropriate.. After rotation, the first component accounted for 21.97% of the total variance, the second component accounted for 43.93% of the total variance, and the third component accounted for 63.24% of the total variance. Table 1 presents the loadings for each component. Component number 1 consisted of 5 of the 11 variables: to post social functions, to learn about events, to share information about yourself, for academic purposes, and to post/look at pictures. These variables had positive loadings and were called the Information Dimension. The second component included 3 of the 11 variables: to keep in touch with old friends, to keep in touch current friends, and to locate old friends. These variables had positive loadings and were called the Friendship Dimension.
       The final component included 3 of the 11 variables: for dating purposes, to make new friends, and to feel connected. These variables had positive loadings and were called the Connection Dimension ( Jennifer Raacke and John Raacke , 2010 ) .

The Facebook
 the site that accounted for the acceptance and response of many people, especially young people in all parts of the world, there are those who benefited from it to communicate with pictures and files and chat with friends and there was some exploitation in the bad side.
 Facebook .com is a social networking Web site that allows members to share personal information, opinions, and media. When it launched in February 2004, Facebook began as a community solely for college students. Membership has since been opened to anyone with an e-mail address and members can affiliate themselves with an ever-increasing number of networks – from academic institutions to cities to employers ,  Otaibi's  study  (2008) Indicated that the spread of Facebook among college students estimated 77%, and that the motives used by students are :to identify facebook and spend time  (( القطيبي , 2008 .

  Uses and gratifications of Facebook
   Each member has a home page to post information such as birth date, interests, employment, and favorite books. Members can communicate privately with each other via “messages” or publicly via posts on another member’s “wall”. Other features include “groups” and “events”, each with a home page displaying descriptions, pictures, and a message board. Groups can be public with open membership, public with closed membership, or private. Group administrators can send out messages to all members of a group. Events are almost like temporary groups with the same options for membership criteria. Events allow members to invite others to participate in activities such as rallies, parties, meetings, or even simultaneous, but distant, celebrations. Both groups and events allow members from different communities to come together for a common cause, interest, belief, or gathering. Facebook members can support a political candidate, but they can also show their stance on a particular issue. For example, thousands of Facebook members have joined pro-choice3 or pro-life4 groups. Political communication among Facebook members  ( Westling , 2007 ).
  Fawzia Al Harbi 2011 noted that Saudi girls primarily discuss their issues of social and emotional through Facebook and also use Facebook to shop and to participate in society and Elvis satisfy their needs in social and personal integration and cognition (الحربي , 2011 ).
  Study of Hosni Awad (2012) indicated that Facebook is working to increase interaction and communication between communities and young people use it in the form of friendship and Continuation  social relationships ( عوض , 2012).

 The role of Facebook on Political Communication
The Facebook feature most often utilized for political communication is the “groups” function. Members can create their own themed groups on any topic and invite other members to join. In groups, members can post to message boards, add pictures, and post news and links.
        Another Facebook feature relevant to political discussion is the ability to “share” a news story, video, or Web page with other members. Along with the link and a short summary, members can include comments. Other members can then comment on the “share” and give their own opinions or provide supplemental sources of information. This is a newer feature for Facebook and it has the potential to move stories around a network of people in a viral manner.

Facebook as a mobilizing tool
The greatest benefit that Facebook has provided to candidates thus far is the means to mobilize and organize thousands of supporters. Even before Barack Obama announced his candidacy for president, the Facebook group “Barack Obama for President in 2008” had accumulated over 50,000 members. Another group, “Barack Obama (One Million Strong for Barack),” gathered 200,000 members in less than three weeks. (Westling, 2007 )
In Egypt , According to A report of (Techno Wireless) about the size of the increase in the use of three sites (Facebook and Twitter), in addition to the site (YouTube) had a major impact in the popular uprising the report Indicated that "The number of users (Facebook) before (25) January was (4.2) million but rose 23.8% after the revolution to (5.2) million, while the (Twitter) was the number of users before the revolution (26 800) user increased then to (44 200), "on the (YouTube) report said : that during the first week of the revolution has been viewed (8.7) million pages on the site by users Egyptians, this number came despite Egyptian authorities cut Internet services in all corners of the country from (28) January until the first of February (A website , 17 )

The twitter
This site takes its name from the term (tweets), which means (Twitter), and took the sparrow a symbol, a mini-service, and may be called a intense summarized text  for many details .

The Motives of using  Twitter  and gratifications obtained .
Building on the existing literature, we have proposed eight motives of using Twitter. The eight motives include self-documentation, information sharing, social interaction, entertainment, passing time, self-expression, medium appeal, and convenience. Motivation can be referred as a user’s pre-use expectation towards an information system. Disconfirmation is defined as the discrepancy between a user’s expectation and perceived performance of the system/service, is considered to have a strong impact on user’ gratification. Peters (2007) structured gratifications into three categories: content gratification, process gratification, and social gratification. In the current investigation of Twitter usage, it is reasonable to include technology gratification for new media. Integrating the expectation disconfirmation theory with the motivations of using Twitter, content gratifications, process gratifications, social gratifications, and technology gratifications are represented by the disconfirmations of motivations respectively (as shown in Table 2).
         Content gratification is derived from the use of mediated messages for their direct, substantive intrinsic value for the receiver (Cutler & Danowski, 1980). Content gratification is purposeful use of media (like in instrumental use). As mentioned before, we identified two types of disconfirmations of motivations that will derive content gratification, including the disconfirmation of self-documentation and the disconfirmation of information sharing. Thus, content gratification of Twitter resides in content of the information carried through Twitter. If a user’s perceived quality of the information carried by Twitter is higher than or the same as his pre-use expectation, he will be satisfied with the content gratification and will thus continue to use Twitter.
       The results of some studies indicated that the positive content gratification and technology gratification all significantly affect users’ continuance intention to use Twitter which is mediated by their satisfaction with Twitter. Content gratification was presented by the disconfirmation of information sharing and the disconfirmation of self-documentation. Technology gratification was explained by the disconfirmation of medium appeal and the disconfirmation of convenience. The findings imply that Twitter fulfils users’ needs for self-documentation, information sharing, medium appeal and convenience. The motivation of information sharing stresses the satisfaction gained from providing information to others in Twitter. Meanwhile, information needs can be met by sharing one’s collection as a byproduct of self-documentation in Twitter. The motivation of medium appeal refers to ubiquitous accessibility, independent of the user’s location and time of access provided by Twitter. Ubiquitous access of Twitter provides user a convenient environment, while the suitable platform designed by Twitter meets the motivation of convenience. In contrast, the positive process gratification and social gratification does not exhibit any significant impact on user satisfaction. The results may be explained by the characteristics of Twitter. Twitter was designed for sharing and seeking information; the function of interacting with friends was not included in the main design direction. As a result, Twitter does not fulfil the motivation of social interaction. The social gratification of Twitter is less significant in explaining user satisfaction. As useful information is the main purpose for people to use Twitter, it does not dedicate to develop functions for fun. Twitter does not provide an entertainment environment for play. Therefore, the process gratification was not significant to users’ satisfaction with the use of Twitter (Liu , Cheung , Lee ;  2010   ) .

Results

1- SNS users are very much part of an active audience from the point at which they log on to the SNS Activities include divulging or seeking information, posting comments, sharing one’s photographs and videos and connecting with new friends  .
2- There are many reasons why individuals report using friend networking sites. Including: “to keep in touch with old friends,” “to keep in touch with current friends,” “to post / look at pictures,” “to make new friends,” and “to locate old friends.” Less commonly reported reasons included: “to learn about events,” “to post social functions,” “to feel connected,” “to share information about yourself,” “for academic purposes,” and “for dating purposes" .
3- SNS satisfy their basic people needs to present themselves to others .
4- The greatest benefit that Facebook has provided to candidates thus far is the means to mobilize and organize thousands of supporters
5- there are eight motives of using Twitter. include self-documentation, information sharing, social interaction, entertainment, passing time, self-expression, medium appeal, and convenience
6- There is a dearth of Arab studies about  uses and gratifications of SNS and mostly focused on students or young  people   .

References

First : The Foreign References
1- Choi, J. , Wat , J. ,  Dekkers , A. and  Park S.-H.. , (2004) , Motives of Internet uses: Crosscultural Perspectives – the US, the Netherlands, and South Korea , aper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans Sheraton, New Orleans, LA, May 27, 2004 .

2- Dunne,A. , Anne Lawlor ,  M. and  Rowley, J. ,  (2010), Young people's use of online social networking sites - a uses and gratifications perspective , Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, Vol. 4 Iss: 1 pp. 46 – 58

3- Katz, E. , Blumler , J.G. and Gurevitch , M. , (1974) , Uses and Gratifications Research .The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4. pp. 509-523 .

4- Lineberry , Z. X. , (2012) , Uses and gratifications on social networking sites: Analysis of use and value of social networking sites for three types of social capital on college students , A thesis of MASTER,  Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa .

5- Liu, I. L.B. , Cheung, C. M.K .and  Lee, M. K.O., (2010) , understanding twitter usage : what drive people continue to tweet , In Proceedings of PACIS., 92-92

.6 -Raacke , J.  and Raacke,  J. , (2010 ) , MySpace and Facebook: Identifying Dimensions of Uses and Gratifications for Friend Networking Sites , University of North Carolina at Pembroke  Individual Differences Research ,  Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 27-33 .

7- Ruggiero, T.E. , (2000) , Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century , University of Texas at elpaso mass communication & SOCIETY, 3(1), 3–37 .

8- Seekhiew , P. , (2009) , Exploring the Use of Social Networking Sites between Extraversion and Introversion among Thai College Students: The Uses and Gratification Theory ,  A thesis of Master of Arts in Communication , College of Communication at Hawaii Pacific University

9- Westling , M. ,( 2007 ) , Expanding the Public Sphere: The Impact of Facebook on Political Communication , UW - Madison


Secondly : the Arab  References

10 - حسني عوض (2012) , أثر استخدام الفيس بوك على تقدير الذات لدى فئة الشباب في محافظة طولكرم ، مجلة القدس ، ص 47 .

11- زهير عابد ، (2012) دور شبكات التواصل الإجتماعي في تعبئة الرأي العام الفلسطيني نحو التغيير الإجتماعي والسياسي ، دراسة وصفية تحليلية ، مجلة جامعة النجاح للأبحاث(العلوم الإنسانية) ، غزة ، فلسطين .

12- عمرو محمد أسعد ، (2011) ,  العلاقة بين استخدام الشباب المصري لمواقع الشبكات الإجتماعية وقيمهم المجتمعية ، دراسة على موقعي الـ فيس بوك والـ يوتيوب ، رسالة دكتوراه ، كلية الإعلام ، جامعة القاهرة ، مصر . 

13- فوزية الحربي  (1433هـ) ، استخدامات الفتيات السعوديات للفيس بوك ، دراسة مسحية على عينة من طالبات المرحلة الثانوية في مدينة الرياض ،رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة ،  كلية الدعوة والإعلام ،جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود ، السعودية .

14- محمد المنصور ، (2012)  , تأثير شبكات التواصل الإجتماعي على جمهور المتلقين ، دراسة مقارنة للمواقع الإجتماعية والمواقع الإلكترونية "العربية أنموذجا" ، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة ، كلية الأداب والتربية ، الأكاديمية العربية في الدنمارك   .



Thirdly: website  



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